Ethnic cleansing
Ethnic cleansing is
openly discussed in Israeli discourse, including by ministers in the ruling
government. This includes the ministers of Finance,[1] National
Security (who also stated he would like to live in Gaza),[2] Heritage
(who also called to drop a nuclear bomb on Gaza),[3] Agriculture
(who claimed that another Nakba was ongoing),[4] the former Minister
of Information[5]
and a former Minister of Justice.[6] Israel MPs
have also participated in the discussion.[7] Other state
officials have said similar things. The head of a local council, for example,
proposed to send all Gazans to Lebanon, flatten the whole Strip so “it becomes
an empty museum like Auschwitz”.[8] Some IDF officers
and soldiers fighting in Gaza support the same idea.[9] A Israeli
government plan proposal to repopulate all Gazans to the Sinai Peninsula (part
of Egypt) has been leaked.[10] Israel has
also attempted to get the US to pressure Egypt into accepting Gazan refugees,[11] and has
attempted to convince several countries including Congo to accept Palestinian
refugees.[12]
Other locations members of Israel government suggested as potential
resettlement locations include Saudi Arabia, Jordan, the European Union and
Chile.[13] According
to Israeli media, Chad and Rwanda have expressed interest to accept tens of
thousands of Palestinians in exchange for generous financial support that
included military support.[14] In early
February a coalition MP stated that the removal of Gazans from the North of the
Strip is “the only achievement we have in the war”.[15] In
mid-February a local human rights organization revealed that Egypt was building
a high-security area for the reception of Palestinian refugees,[16] and in
late March an Egyptian source claimed Egypt was preparing for the entrance of
150,000 Palestinians during an Israeli invasion of Rafah.[17] Jared Kushner, Donald Trump’s son-in-law,
suggested in mid March that Israel should remove
civilians from Gaza and added that “waterfront property [in Gaza] could be very
valuable”.[18]
According to estimates, the number of Palestinians who left to Egypt by April
was 30-50 thousand.[19] In early
April, a coalition MP said that several government offices were working on an
operational program to resettle the Gaza Strip with a Jewish population “behind
the scenes”.[20]
In late April, Israel’s Minister of Finance described the upcoming battle in
the southern Gaza Strip as against Amalek, and called for absolute destruction
of the cities there.[21]
The absence of clear
war plans,[22]
war goals or a clear end game to the war has allowed many Israelis to support
the resettling of Gaza with Jewish settlements after the war.[23] Over 30
right-wing organizations have supported this goal in a late January conference.[24] A total of
11 ministers and 15 MPs (of a total of 120) participated in the conference.[25] Several
IDF soldiers have stated their will to resettle Gaza while uniformed and within
Gaza.[26] In March,
the commander of an armored battalion did the same during an interview with
Israeli TV.[27]
A poll from December found that 58% of Israelis (likely Jews) believe that the
entire population of Gaza should be transferred away from the Gaza Strip.[28] Other polls
from January, February, March and April reveal that some 20-25% of Israeli Jews
believe that Israel should resettle Gaza.[29] A poll
from March-April revealed that 50% of Israeli Jews thought that Israel should
govern the Gaza Strip after the war.[30]
Anecdotal evidence
from Gaza and Israeli society provides more indications: A video from late
February presents an Israeli civilian tractor sowing fields within the Gaza
Strip as a “victory photo”.[31] In early
March, Jewish activists were able to briefly enter the Gaza Strip in an attempt
to build a settlement there.[32] A video of
a military convoy driving in a major road in the Strip reveals a very large
number of Israeli flags placed along it.[33] A
prominent settler leader declared in an interview on CNN that removing
the local population of Gaza is necessary, while also claiming that she had a
list of 500 Jewish families that were ready and willing to resettle Gaza.[34] A former
MP claimed on TV in June that “we [Israeli Jews] could not live in this land if
even one such Islamo-Nazi remains in Gaza, and not
before we return to Gaza and turn it into Hebrew Gaza”.[35]
Inside the Gaza Strip,
IDF soldiers appear to have constructed “the first synagogue in Khan Younis”,[36] another
synagogue there,[37]
as well as inaugurated a Torah scroll in at least four occasions (Sheikh Radwan
in Gaza City, the Islamic University in Gaza, Khan Younis, and the Netzarim
Corridor).[38]
One soldier filmed himself spray painting the Temple in Jerusalem on the ruins
of a destroyed mosque in Gaza.[39] An IDF
military “pizzeria” has allegedly opened in Khan Younis, and soldiers placed a
sign of a fast food restaurant that might soon open in Gaza.[40] Other
soldiers hold a commercial sign of an American construction company from New
Jersey (and an American flag) with the destroyed buildings of Gaza in the
background.[41]
Donna Italia (an international pizzeria chain) appears to have opened a
pizzeria in a displaced family’s home in Khan Younis to support IDF troops.[42] Many of
these initiatives, it seems, were relatively short-lived. In late March, it
appears that soldiers recorded themselves reading the Scroll of Esther in
al-Shifa hospital.[43] Videos
from April show that soldiers took over the Turkish Palestinian Friendship
Hospital, turned it into a barracks and celebrated a large Passover feast (seder?) in it.[44] A
different unit took over a Gazan school, transforming it into its base.[45] In May, a
journalist showcased the first military synagogue in the area of Rafah,[46] while
soldiers from an IDF unit prepared a makeshift sign declaring a new settlement
in the Gaza Strip.[47]
All the evidence I
have seen indicates that Israel is systematically destroying Gaza to make it
unlivable in the future. In the first week of fighting, Israel dropped 6,000
bombs on Gaza – over the annual total used by the US in Afghanistan.[48] In the
first three months of fighting Israel had destroyed over 10,000 buildings in
the Strip – compared to some 4,700 buildings in Aleppo after three years of
fighting. A coalition of aid groups stated in December that rebuilding the
housing destroyed to that point will take 7 to 10 years if financing is
available and will cost some $3.5 billion.[49] According
to a joint report by the World Bank and the UN, the cost of damage to physical
structures alone was around $18.5 billion at the end of January (the
cost during the 2014 Protective Edge was $1.4 billion).[50] In mid May a UN official stated that rebuilding could cost
around $50 billion over two decades.[51] The amount
of debris created by the destruction of residential areas (estimates ranged
between 26 and 37 million tons in April) will take many years to remove.[52] A top UN
demining official claimed that simply clearing the debris could take as much as
14 years.[53]
An expert on the warfare-related destruction pointed out that the case of Gaza
fits the term ‘domicide’, a massive violation of the
right to housing and basic infrastructure in residential areas by making them
inhabitable, which is itself a crime against humanity.[54]
Israel is said to have
dropped over 500 2,000-pound bombs within the densely populated urban area,
despite the massive collateral damage these bombs cause (causing death or
injury in a radius of up to 365 meters around the target). These bombs are four
times heavier than the largest bombs the United States used when fighting ISIS
in Mosul; the US dropped a single such 2,000-pound bomb throughout its fight
with ISIS.[55]
After two months of fighting, Israel had already caused more destruction in
Gaza than Syria in Aleppo (2012-2016), Russia in Mariupol in 2022, or
(proportionally) the Allied bombing of Germany in World War II,[56] as well as
the fights against ISIS in Mosul (2016-7) and Raqqa (2017).[57]
Over 60 percent of
Gaza’s housing units have been destroyed or damaged.[58] As of
mid-January experts estimate based on satellite imagery that between 142,900 to
176,900 buildings have been damaged.[59] By early
March, 54.8% of the buildings in the Gaza Strip were likely damaged or
destroyed (~70% in the North, ~50% in Khan Younis).[60] By early
June, the amount increased to 58.5%.[61] Drone
videos reveal the extent of the destruction.[62] By late
March, some between a quarter and a third of greenhouses were completely
destroyed, some 40-48% of tree crops in Gaza have been damaged; some 48% of
tree cover has been lost or damaged; and some 38% of farmland (roughly half the
Strip’s total land area) was destroyed by Israeli military activity.[63] Some of
the destruction is purposeful, as indicated in videos by IDF troops.[64] As a
result of the war and destruction, 89% of Gazan workers lost their jobs by
December.[65]
As of April, all staff of at least one hospital have not been paid since
October 7.[66]
According to estimates, the GDP of Gaza has decreased by some 80%.[67]
Israel has destroyed
not only buildings whose connection to Hamas militants is weak or non-existent,[68] but also a
long list of cultural institutions,[69] historical
and archaeological sites,[70] dozens of
governmental buildings (including the parliament[71] and the
main courthouse)[72],
religious buildings (over 233 mosques and 3 churches[73]),
universities (most or all universities in Gaza have been destroyed according to
Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor; at least 5 of 7 major universities were
destroyed or partially damaged according to NBC; 12 of 12 were damaged or
destroyed according to Le Monde),[74] hospitals,[75] educational
facilities (88% of school buildings sustained some level of damage; 13 public
libraries were destroyed or damaged),[76] archives,[77] and UN
offices.[78]
Already in early December, Israeli attacks destroyed or damaged more than 100
heritage sites, including buildings from Gaza’s medieval, Byzantine and Roman
periods [79]
(by mid April the number rose to 195 such sites).[80] Soldiers
have been filmed within a warehouse filled with antiquities, and there appears
to have been a post by the director of the Israel Antiquities Authority that
claimed that some of those antiquities were taken to Israel and presented in
the Knesset (the post was later deleted).[81] An
investigative report by an NGO followed a single unit’s path within Gaza,
raising serious concerns regarding the justification of the many explosions it
was responsible for.[82] Certain
areas have been completely cleared of Palestinian buildings. For example, one
IDF soldier claims his unit received orders to destroy the village of Khuzaʽa and uploaded a video showing that they
accomplished the mission over two weeks.[83] In this
reality, even a simple shelter such as a tent is sold for more than $800. Those
who cannot afford such an expense improvise a shelter from simple materials.[84] An
alternative is to rent half destroyed and burnt apartments. One such apartment
in Khan Younis cost $330/month.[85]
The civilian
infrastructure in the Gaza Strip necessary to the functioning of a society has
been severely damaged. Most of Gaza’s 980 registered NGOs have ceased
operations.[86]
Some 88% of all school buildings have sustained damage.[87] As of late
March, Israel has destroyed 91% (51 of 56) of bank branches and 92% (84 of 91)
of the ATMs in the Gaza Strip. All surviving branches and ATMs are in the
Strip’s south.[88]
Using an ATM or attempting to get access to one’s money through money changers
have high commissions (e.g. 17%).[89] At least
16 cemeteries have been desecrated by the IDF, often by bulldozing.[90] One video
shows a bulldozer driving within a cemetery,[91] while
another shows the results of such an operation, with corpses left scattered
across the landscape.[92] The IDF
has also bulldozed burial sites at Nasser hospital.[93] The IDF
further bulldozed broad areas in the Gaza Strip.[94] An online
video depicts the torching of the Shujjaiya
neighborhood in a military operation.[95] Satellite
images reveal the massive extent of destruction of Khan Younis.[96] In late
March, a UNICEF spokesperson described “utter annihilation” in Khan Younis,
stating that “the depth of the horror surpasses our ability to describe it”.[97]
Evidence supports the
conclusion that Israel is attempting to destroy all buildings inside the Gaza
Strip within a kilometer of the Israel-Gaza fence to create a “buffer zone”.[98] This
buffer zone will take over 16% of the territory of the Gaza Strip.[99] Such
destruction has been described by the UN’s Office of the High Commissioner of
Human Rights as a “grave breach of the Fourth Geneva convention and a war
crime”.[100] In mid-February,
Israeli media announced that the IDF was constructing a road to bisect the Gaza
Strip, suggesting its plans for a long occupation.[101] In early
March, its construction was completed,[102] and it
enables rapid movement and will be held by Israel for “at least another year”
according to the IDF.[103] At least
750 buildings have been destroyed to create a buffer zone on both sides of the
road.[104]
In subsequent months, Israel built bases within the Gaza Strip by taking over
civilian infrastructure such as hospitals and schools, as well as watchtowers
and outposts.[105]
The destruction in
Gaza has resulted in the displacement of some 75 percent of Gaza’s population.[106] An
investigation of Israel’s evacuation orders to Gazans revealed numerous
unclarities and inconsistencies within the IDF’s official orders.[107] This
included, for example, five different geographical definitions of the al-Mawasi
“safe zone”, which was itself bombed and invaded by IDF ground troops.[108] Other
supposed “safe zones” were not safe. An NBC investigation examined seven
airstrikes that took place in areas the IDF declared as safe, killing
civilians.[109]
Some of the evacuation orders were given online during periods of full
communication outages.[110] Already
by early February, 67% of the Gaza Strip’s area was under evacuation orders.[111] As a
result of these repeated orders and the general overcrowdedness
of the Strip, many Palestinians have been displaced several times.[112]
[1] https://www.timesofisrael.com/ministers-call-for-resettling-gazas-palestinians-building-settlements-in-strip/ ; https://x.com/N12News/status/1798769743119167566
[2] https://www.timesofisrael.com/ministers-call-for-resettling-gazas-palestinians-building-settlements-in-strip/ ; https://www.kikar.co.il/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA/sdtng3 ; https://x.com/KhaledYousry22/status/1798729352412319874
[3] https://twitter.com/Eliyahu_a/status/1772645094295830643 ; https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/politic/596470/
[4] https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-11-12/ty-article/israeli-security-cabinet-member-calls-north-gaza-evacuation-nakba-2023/0000018b-c2be-dea2-a9bf-d2be7b670000
[7] https://twitter.com/tzvisuccot/status/1754822778950148138 ; see also https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session56/a-hrc-56-crp-4.pdf, paragraphs 138-141.
[9] https://x.com/ytirawi/status/1794113236708573451 ; https://x.com/ytirawi/status/1794826941209702699
[10] https://www.mekomit.co.il/%d7%94%d7%9e%d7%a1%d7%9e%d7%9a-%d7%94%d7%9e%d7%9c%d7%90-%d7%a9%d7%9c-%d7%9e%d7%a9%d7%a8%d7%93-%d7%94%d7%9e%d7%95%d7%93%d7%99%d7%a2%d7%99%d7%9f-%d7%9b%d7%99%d7%91%d7%95%d7%a9-%d7%a2%d7%96%d7%94-%d7%95/ ; https://www.972mag.com/intelligence-ministry-gaza-population-transfer/
[12] https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israeli-officials-said-in-talks-with-congo-others-on-taking-in-gaza-emigrants/
[15] https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/war-2023/2024-02-05/ty-article-live/0000018d-762a-dd6e-a98d-f62a9c200000?liveBlogItemId=310435701#310435701
[17] https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/hkl1144rkc ; https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7-%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AD
[18] https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/mar/19/jared-kushner-gaza-waterfront-property-israel-negev
[19] https://www.haaretz.co.il/magazine/2024-04-04/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/0000018e-a379-d315-ab9f-aff98d4b0000
[21] https://twitter.com/ytirawi/status/1785075803870404644 ; https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/2024-04-30/ty-article/.premium/0000018f-2e6c-d502-a5bf-eeeeebb50000
[23] https://www.mako.co.il/news-politics/2023_q4/Article-9f47fed9563eb81027.htm ; https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-794770
[24] https://twitter.com/AlonLeeGreen/status/1746855797328433438 ; https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/09/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-settlers.html
[26] https://twitter.com/Mistaclim/status/1746854844818681861; https://twitter.com/ytirawi/status/1745907053426565605 ; https://twitter.com/ytirawi/status/1781809245312180237 ; https://twitter.com/ytirawi/status/1788897079642689855 ; https://x.com/abierkhatib/status/1793720981607071831 ; several images in this thread: https://x.com/YehudaShaul/status/1737112308672016760
[27] https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/defense/727102/ ; he was reprimanded as a result.
[28] https://www.now14.co.il/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8-%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8-%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9A-%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94-%D7%92%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%99/ ; a similar question in the same poll had
higher support. Also: https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/ryals5f00p
[29] https://www.inss.org.il/he/publication/swords-of-iron-14/ ; https://jppi.org.il/en/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A8-%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99-%D7%A2%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%A1 ; https://en.idi.org.il/articles/53666
[32] https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r11oner3a; https://www.972mag.com/israeli-settlers-gaza-outpost-erez-crossing/
[34] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkXJwErm8DM ; also https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LqRzfb2oMaM ; https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68650815 ; also https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/politics/2024-04-26/ty-article/.premium/0000018f-15e8-da70-a7bf-7deb81b40000
[38] https://twitter.com/ireallyhateyou/status/1743588216630919271 ; https://twitter.com/ytirawi/status/1750793042850664750 ; https://twitter.com/KhalilAsslan/status/1753364384800252200 ; https://x.com/moshebs11/status/1766830282219372906
[42] https://twitter.com/ytirawi/status/1753547113638604865 ; also https://twitter.com/ytirawi/status/1765450350549487672
[44] https://twitter.com/KhaledYousry22/status/1778864079995568598
; https://twitter.com/RamAbdu/status/1784694240921989320
[48] https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-04/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/amid-israeli-destruction-in-gaza-a-new-crime-against-humanity-emerges-domicide/0000018c-d585-d751-ad8d-ffa5965e0000
[49] https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542 ; https://twitter.com/NRC_MiddleEast/status/1741341343111110950
[50] https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/14e309cd34e04e40b90eb19afa7b5d15-0280012024/original/Gaza-Interim-Damage-Assessment-032924-Final.pdf ; also the estimate of $20 billion in mid-February: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-post-war-reconstruction-estimated-20-billion-un-trade-body-2024-02-15/
[51] https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-02/rebuilding-gaza-to-cost-50-billion-over-two-decades-un-says
[52] https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-150; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/26/gazas-37m-tonnes-of-bomb-filled-debris-could-take-14-years-to-clear-says-expert ; Earlier estimates stated that removing 8 million tons would
take about three years: https://www.ochaopt.org/content/hostilities-gaza-strip-and-israel-flash-update-104
[53] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/26/gazas-37m-tonnes-of-bomb-filled-debris-could-take-14-years-to-clear-says-expert ; https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1149051
[54] https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-01-04/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/amid-israeli-destruction-in-gaza-a-new-crime-against-humanity-emerges-domicide/0000018c-d585-d751-ad8d-ffa5965e0000
[55] https://www.cnn.com/gaza-israel-big-bombs/index.html; https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/12/israel-opt-us-made-munitions-killed-43-civilians-in-two-documented-israeli-air-strikes-in-gaza-new-investigation/
[56] https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-bombs-destruction-death-toll-scope-419488c511f83c85baea22458472a796
[59] https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2024/jan/30/how-war-destroyed-gazas-neighbourhoods-visual-investigation
[60] https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Gaza_Strip_Acute_Food_Insecurity_Feb_July2024_Special_Brief.pdf (p. 6). See also alternatives: https://unosat.org/products/3804 (35% till late February); https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/gaza-destruction-bombing-israel-aa528542 (50% till late December).
[61] https://www.conflict-damage.org/, accessed June 17 (the number is updated to
June 1).
[63] https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/mar/29/gaza-israel-palestinian-war-ecocide-environmental-destruction-pollution-rome-statute-war-crimes-aoe ; https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/ecocide-in-gaza
[65] https://gisha.org/almost-89-of-gaza-residents-have-lost-their-jobs-heb/ ; according to another report from late March, 74% of Gazas were
unemployed: https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/14e309cd34e04e40b90eb19afa7b5d15-0280012024/original/Gaza-Interim-Damage-Assessment-032924-Final.pdf
[68] https://www.972mag.com/mass-assassination-factory-israel-calculated-bombing-gaza/ ; https://twitter.com/ytirawi/status/1790901748346867875 ; https://x.com/JalalAK_jojo/status/1797296916763418747
[69] E.g. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-army-says-it-struck-islamic-university-of-gaza/3015542
[70] https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-26/ty-article-magazine/.premium/bombing-historical-sites-in-gaza-israel-is-destroying-everything-beautiful/0000018c-a565-df1f-a7bf-b7e53e8e0000; https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/12/22/gaza-city-archives-among-heritage-sites-destroyed-in-israel-hamas-war ; https://www.unesco.org/en/gaza/assessment ; https://twitter.com/RamAbdu/status/1766458940118769799
[74] https://twitter.com/PeruginiNic/status/1747730495482310771 ; https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6108/Israel-kills-dozens-of-academics,-destroys-every-university-in-the-Gaza-Strip ; https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6163/Israel%E2%80%99s-demolition-of-educational-institutions,-cultural-objects-in-Gaza-is-additional-manifestation-of-genocide ; https://www.nbcnews.com/specials/gaza-universities-destroyed-israel-military-war/index.html ; https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/03/07/all-12-universities-in-gaza-have-been-the-target-of-israeli-attacks-it-s-a-war-against-education_6592965_4.html ; example: https://twitter.com/RamAbdu/status/1786005107986841626
[76] https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-12-12/gaza-library-bombing; https://lithub.com/gazas-main-public-library-has-been-destroyed/ ; https://twitter.com/RamAbdu/status/1759474743189660011 ; https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-12-june-2024
[79] https://www.npr.org/2023/12/03/1216200754/gaza-heritage-sites-destroyed-israel, https://www.heritageforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Report-of-the-effects-of-the-last-war-of-2023-on-the-cultural-heritage-in-Gaza-Strip-Palestine-english.pdf
[80] https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/04/un-experts-deeply-concerned-over-scholasticide-gaza
[81] https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240122-israel-army-displays-artefacts-stolen-from-gaza-in-the-knesset/ ; https://twitter.com/EmekShavehHeb/status/1749030636529008651
[82] https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2024/04/29/weve-become-addicted-to-explosions-the-idf-unit-responsible-for-demolishing-homes-across-gaza
[83] https://twitter.com/ireallyhateyou/status/1744195835577921772 ; also https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2024/04/29/weve-become-addicted-to-explosions-the-idf-unit-responsible-for-demolishing-homes-across-gaza ; and an interview with an IDF soldier who fought there: https://x.com/ytirawi/status/1798462630736396472
[86] https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/14e309cd34e04e40b90eb19afa7b5d15-0280012024/original/Gaza-Interim-Damage-Assessment-032924-Final.pdf
[90] https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/20/middleeast/israel-gaza-cemeteries-desecrated-investigation-intl-cmd/index.html ; https://twitter.com/QudsNen/status/1749145986595713498 ; also: https://twitter.com/HossamShabat/status/1779565112300302634
[93] https://news.sky.com/story/israel-bulldozed-mass-graves-at-gaza-hospital-sky-news-analysis-shows-13121638
[96] https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/security/2024-03-14/ty-article-magazine/.premium/0000018e-3bab-db12-a9ef-fbfb627d0000
[99] https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/security/2024-03-28/ty-article-magazine/.premium/0000018d-9cc9-df62-a3fd-9ecdb8420000 ; https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-hamas-war-buffer-zone-explained-2a7347af ; https://www.mekomit.co.il/ps/135417/
[100] https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/02/widespread-destruction-israeli-defence-forces-civilian-infrastructure-gaza
[102] https://news.sky.com/story/israel-completes-construction-of-road-which-cuts-across-gaza-strip-13089556
[103] https://twitter.com/Doron_Kadosh/status/1762434310831796618 ; https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-is-building-a-road-bisecting-gaza-in-next-phase-of-war-c73503ff
[105] https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/05/17/gaza-israel-netzarim-corridor-war-hamas/ ; https://www.haaretz.co.il/news/security/2024-04-18/ty-article-magazine/.premium/0000018e-f03c-d240-a19f-f43f6da50000 ; https://x.com/ytirawi/status/1795129920902873557 ; https://inews.co.uk/news/world/israel-gaza-superhighway-watchtower-post-war-plans-3090909
[106] https://twitter.com/UNHumanRights/status/1742863747683668418; https://www.ochaopt.org/content/reported-impact-snapshot-gaza-strip-12-june-2024
[107] For example: https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/26/middleeast/hala-khreis-white-flag-shooting-gaza-cmd-intl/index.html ; https://x.com/marcowenjones/status/1795063041513402446
[108] https://gaza.forensic-architecture.org/displacement ; https://content.forensic-architecture.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Humanitarian-Violence_Report_FA.pdf ; https://content.forensic-architecture.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Inhumane-Zones-Report-Forensic-Architecture_WEBSITE.pdf ; also https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/sessions-regular/session56/a-hrc-56-crp-4.pdf, paragraph 96.
[110] https://content.forensic-architecture.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Humanitarian-Violence_Report_FA.pdf (e.g. p. 28)
[111] https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/israel-s-evacuation-covers-67-of-gaza-leaves-palestinians-crammed-124020600748_1.html
[112] https://gaza.forensic-architecture.org/displacement ; https://content.forensic-architecture.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Humanitarian-Violence_Report_FA.pdf ; https://www.mekomit.co.il/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%91-%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%97-%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A8-%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B/ ; examples at https://palestine.beehiiv.com/p/surviving-genocide-people ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cK7oytWs7vQ ; https://www.mekomit.co.il/ps/133730/ ; https://palestine.beehiiv.com/p/israel-tried-starve-gaza-palestine ; https://www.mekomit.co.il/ps/135043/ ; https://www.mekomit.co.il/ps/135923/